Thomas Hobbs And John Locke - 865 Words

Philosophers Thomas Hobbs and John Locke argue that having a government is the only way for a society to avoid the state of nature. However, Hobbs and Lock argue for completely different methods of government, monarchy and republic, which are both means to break out of the inherent state of nature. One such method, argued for by Hobbs, is an absolute monarchy where you subdue your liberty for security. Whether or not the absolute monarchy is tyrannical, Hobbs portrays the state of nature as â€Å"poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† For the most part the state of nature, as referred to by Hobbs, makes the population accept the tyranny of a monarchy because that is better than the state of nature. The colonies rejected Britain’s Monarchy for its lack of representation, which caused a revolution. Furthermore, after the American Revolution the articles of confederation was drafted to create order after independence was gained. The articles of confederation is extremely weak, and does not tie the newly birthed nation together cohesively. There are a plethora of problems with regards to the articles of confederation, but the most profound is the lack of power vested in the national government. Therefore, the constitution should be ratified since it maintains balance of national and state government, additionally, the constitution fosters the overall growth of the nation through its ability to collect taxes, maintain cooperation between states, and represents the populationShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Property And Property Rights900 Words   |  4 Pagesproperty and property rights is a topic which many philosophers have struggled to describe. The renowned political theorists Thomas Hobbes and John Locke hold vastly different opinions in regard to the concept of property. In 1651, Hobbes outlined his views in his book, Leviathan, where he discusses societal structure and his social contract theory. Almost forty years later, Locke published his S econd Treatise of Government, in which he described mankind’s state of nature, and natural rights. These twoRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State1110 Words   |  5 Pagessophists and even the roman lawyers affirmed the idea that the consent was the basis of the state however this theory gained prominence under Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and jean Jacques Rousseau. Analysis of the theory propounded by Thomas Hobbs: The contract as conceived by Hobbes is between the people themselves who emerge from a state of nature. The theory of Hobbs as a whole is a very consistently developed once we grant his premises, his conclusion necessarily follow. In the view of Hobbes, by oneRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Views of the State of Nature Held by Hobbes and Locke.2718 Words   |  11 Pagesof Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke wrote about it, it means man when he was natural in his state of nature, uninfluenced by society, and the temptations of today. There are no rights in a state of nature, only freedom to do as one wishes. It is a term used to illustrate the theoretical condition of civilization before the states foundation in Social Contract Theories. In the dictionary it is described as â€Å"a wild primitive state untouched by civilization.† Both Hobbes and Locke discuss the state of natureRead MoreDifferences Of John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1403 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Locke and Thomas Hobb es created a state of nature that gave society two distinct representations of how mankind would act and behave when there was no government or authoritative power over them. Hobbs Leviathan illustrates mankind at its worst. He introduces a society that is overpowered by men’s desire for power and their instinct to use violence as a solution to any problem. Hobbes negative view of human nature showed a society living in constant fear and being in a â€Å"constant state of war†Read MoreEssay about John Locke ´s Flawless Government860 Words   |  4 Pagesthere are some methods of governing that come extremely close to achieving an ideal government. John Locke offers a way of governing, which I believe comes remarkably close to creating a flawless government. John Locke constructs a government that is controlled by the will of the people, which can easily be abolished if it does not adhere to protecting their fundamental rights of the people. For John Locke in order to create an almost flawless form of government we must imagine a world without governmentRead MoreThe Human Nature Aspects Of Self Interest846 Words   |  4 Pagesnot to harm others. Without government life would be solitary, nasty, brutish, and short. The type of government that Thomas Hobbes believed in was a monarchy, he thought that people should give up their freedom to a government to become stronger as a whole and not an individual. Although at that time, many people begin to believe in his ways and forms of government. John Locke was a 1700s English thinker (1632-1704) that brought forth ideas which became the key to the Enlightenment era; he wasRead MoreEssay about Classical Liberalism736 Words   |  3 Pagessince. However before CL had fully matured, it was preceded by two opposing movement: Natural rights and utilitarianism. Natural Rights ============== This doctrine, developed by Thomas Hobbs and John Locke in the 16th and 17th century is fairly famous due to Hobbs unflatteringly described state of nature which states without a rule of a sovereign body then society becomes a warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦of every man against every man which leaves life solitary, poor, nastyRead More Order vs. Freedom in Political Systems 1963 Words   |  8 Pageswas moral and political inequality where wealth and power are given more importance and as a result are dividing citizens and creating disorder (Ellenburg, 1968, p.145). Furthermore, Locke, Like Rousseau also believed in the natural law and that natural law is illustrated by reason and tolerance (Thomas, 1998, p15). Locke was a firm believer of Christianity, According to Locke’s beliefs, all human beings ultimately belonged to God and nobody had the authority to claim natural authority on earth. HeRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State3694 Words   |  15 Pagessophists and even the roman lawyers affirmed the idea that the consent was the basis of the state however this theory gained prominence under Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and jean Jacques Rousseau. 2. ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY PROPOUNDED BY THOMAS HOBBS: The contract as conceived by Hobbes is between the people themselves who emerge from a state of nature. The theory of Hobbs as a whole is a very consistently developed once we grant his premises, his conclusion necessarily follow. In the view of Hobbes, by oneRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pages Thomas Hobbs and John Locke have two very opposing viewpoints on human nature. Locke believes that human nature is innately good; Hobbs thinks that human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality

Essay School Policy On Bullying Speech - 617 Words

School Policy On Bullying Speech Good Morning everybody. I am here today - as Im sure youre all aware, to give a persuasive presentation on how to deal with bulling at your schools. Has a pupil in your class ever been bullied? I am quite sure that on at least one occasion you have had to deal with this major problem. Today I hope to give you all extra confidence on dealing with this subject. You mustnt be affraid to help, as long as you do it in the correct manor. I hope to persuade you all in making a school policy on bullying. This is the best way on dealing with this anti social behaviour in a rational, professional and understanding way. If you yourself have been bullied then you will†¦show more content†¦You must deal with this as early as possible because it may run out of hand. It can sometimes be difficult for adults to understand the distress that bullying cause. There is no certain way of spotting if a child is being bullied, You may ask, How do I know whether a child is being bullied on the playground when I am not around? But there are certain characteristics in their behaviour that can be spotted, such as, a change in attitude, an unexplained illness and not wanting to go to school may all be because of bullying. You must remember that some children will go to great lengths to hide the fact that they are being bullied. They may not want to tell on the bully because they may think it will get worse if they do. You mustnt be put off because they wont say anything straight away, you must be patient with them. Dan Bilton ========== When listening and talking to the child you must be patient. You will need to ask question but you must do it sensitively- you mustnt interrogate them. You must not take any action before discussing it between the child about what to do. This is the part that most teachers dread because you have to be so careful. This should not put you off, so long as it is done carefully and you show the child you care about what is happening it should be all right. Something must be doneShow MoreRelatedHurt, Pain, Physical And Mental Distraught Are Just A Few1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis a huge problem in our society today. Cyberbullying is taking advantage of our free speech, but there are many solutions to stop it in our society. Cyberbullying is using technology to harass, threaten, embarrass, another person. Cyberbullying allows a person to maintain anonymity and give them the ability to post messages to a wide audience. â€Å"Cyberbullying is speech that is â€Å"defamatory, constitutes bullying, harassment, or discrimination, discloses personal information, or contains offensive,Read MoreCyberbullying And The First Amendment849 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Amendment This paper addresses a situation in which a student notified this author that she was being subjected to bullying through another classmate’s Facebook page. A discussion of steps required by Oregon’s statutes, the Lake Oswego School District s board policies and the student handbook, will provide a basis for examining any First Amendment arguments that the bullying has raised, with a discussion of the author s First Amendment responses consistent with applicable Supreme Court casesRead MoreThe Eternal Effects of Cyber Bullying1196 Words   |  5 Pagesscars and wounds that have yet to heal in their adult life. The age of this brute force displayed in hall ways, nursery schools and ball fields is nearly a scenario of the past as bullies formulate playgrounds through technological means in the form of social media sites such as Face Book, Twitter and a host of free blogging sites to mention a few avenues of the modern day bully school yard venue. Bullies once ruled the left of the sandbox just behind the swing set, yet their territory was limited toRead MoreCyber Bullying : Bullying And Bullying1435 Words   |  6 Pages which can be defined as, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature. Sounds a lot like harassment, does it not? All states across America should enforce laws and policies that do not tolerate cyberbullying or any form of online harassment, for cyberbullying is harassment. It will promote a safer internet environment for everyone. If you are actively engaged on the internet, you have probably witnessed some form ofRead MorePrevention And Intervention Of Cyber Bullying Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic University, and Internet safety expert Dr. Justin Patchin set worth to study the topic of cyber-bullying, since there wasn’t much research on the topic up until that point. In Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard (2009), the authors paint a picture of the online aggressions adolescents are facing on a daily basis. Hinduja Patchin (2009) included stories of victims, ongoing research on cyber bullying, and an overall review of current legislature pertaining to the topic. The authors also highlight preventionRead MoreCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words   |  5 Pagescyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bu llying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. However, Cyber bullying stillRead MorePros And Cons Of Cyberbullying1180 Words   |  5 Pagesare a loser†, â€Å"no one likes you†, â€Å"you have no friends†. Sending mean messages such as these through text, or email, spreading rumors or posting embarrassing pictures, videos, or fake profiles are all examples of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets as well as communication tools including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2017). With virtuallyRead MorePersuasive Speech On Free Speech Rights1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Students and their right to free speech have been debated for decades. Public schools have been challenged on many occasions for denying students their First Amendment right. Over the years the courts have ruled in favor of students and school districts. Outcomes of these rulings have varied according to the nature and extent of the student speech in question. This paper will discuss different interpretations of free speech rights for students under the Constitution’s First AmendmentRead MoreThe Emotional And Behavioral Effects Of Bullying946 Words   |  4 PagesI. Speech Overview: A. General Goal: To persuade - to create, change or reinforce attitudes, values, beliefs and/or behaviors. B. Specific Goal: By the end of my speech, my audience will understand the emotional and behavioral effects of bullying. And the damaging consequences that follow. Including strategies to help cope and preventative measures. II. Introduction: (This is where you start talking) A. Attention Grabber: Have you ever been told you’re too fat or ugly. How about you talk or lookRead MoreThe Tinker Case Of 1969 Expanded Students 1st Amendment Rights860 Words   |  4 PagesAmendment rights in school and established the Tinker Test for future cases, whereas, if there was not a disturbance, and others were let alone, students First Amendment rights were intact. LaMorte (2012) notes â€Å"It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate,† (p. 87). Freedom to express societal, political, and/or economic issues even if they are unpopular, are permitted in school as long as work is

Effective Ethics in Contemporary Business and Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Effective Ethics in Contemporary Business and Decision Making. Answer: Introduction Ethical principles include moral conduct and behavior for an activity. Globalization and expansion of businesses have led businesses to become desirous of acquiring more market share and revenues by often overlooking ethical consideration in businesses(Clegg, 2007). Hence, the scope of effective ethics is necessary to be incorporated into overall business decision making in order to create a sustainable impact on the society and environment. Literature Review The scope of business ethics can be drawn from theoretical and conceptual models and applied in businesses. L.P. Christensen article, Ethics, CSR, and sustainability education in the Financial Times top 50 global business schools: Baseline data and future research directions. In the Journal of Business Ethics, volume 73(4), pages 347 to 368 highlights the various ways in which buisnesses can incorporate ethical consideations into their decision making processes(Christensen, 2007). N.W. Cornelius (2007) article, An analysis of corporate social responsibility, corporate identity and ethics teaching in business schools. In the Journal of Business Ethics, volume 76(1), pages 117 to 135 provides a step by step guideline into ethical decision making models(Cornelius, 2007). Analysis In order to apply ethical decision making into businesses, the challenge needs to be understood. Thereafter, relevant ethical framework needs to be identified and adopted to get desired course of action post which the outcome can be evaluated. The below diagram is a representation of a ten step ethical framework for decision making within corporations. Figure 1 : Ten Step Ethical Decision-Making Model Source: (www.slideshare.net, Retrieved on 2nd April 2017) Strengths of effective ethics in contemporary business decision making: Better brand recognition by customers Creating sustainable impacts of business Protecting integrity of stakeholders Weaknesses of effective ethics in contemporary business decision making: Often higher costs of decision implementation Low competitiveness initially Conclusion The above frameworks provide capacity for quality guideline that constitutes reflexive and a pragmatic approach towards ethical and moral issues. Consultative approach in adopting ethical framework will provide better decision making. Reference Lists Carroll, A. B. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Christensen, L. P. (2007). Ethics, CSR, and sustainability education in the Financial Times top 50 global business schools: Baseline data and future research directions. Journal of Business Ethics, 73(4), 347-368. Clegg, S. K. (2007). Business ethics as practice. British Journal of Management, 18(2), 107-122. Cornelius, N. W. (2007). An analysis of corporate social responsibility, corporate identity and ethics teaching in business schools. . Journal of Business Ethics, 76(1), 117-135. www.slideshare.net. (Retrieved on 2nd April 2017). Ethical Decision Making Model. https://www.slideshare.net/kevins299/lecture-9-ethical-decision-making.

Louis and Crusade free essay sample

Manuel saw the crusade as an inconvenience as it prevented him from his plans to attack Sicily, this resulted in him giving the crusade little acknowledgement. Another factor was that the Byzantium emperor had an understanding with the Turks as well as an alliance with the Sultan of Rum. All this would be under threat if he was to help the crusade so it made more sense to give the franks directions rather than supplies as this would anger the turks and could possibly start a war. Also, during the first crusade Baldwin and Bohemond refused to restore territory to the Byzantine emperor so this removed any interest he may have had in aiding the crusade. The pillaging Greek towns led to Manuel refusing to provide supplies top aid his troops alone. This then led to Christians fighting amongst each other which then led to a weaker overall Crusader force, which resulted in the crusade lacking man power and strength. We will write a custom essay sample on Louis and Crusade or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fact that 90% of troops were wiped out at Dorylaeum certainly had an impact on the failure of the crusade as this reduced the amount of troops on the crusade significantly. This was due to the lack of aid and ships from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel, which then led to more troops having to travel by foot. As a result of this many troops were lost to disease as well as being sabotaged by the Turks. Overall the lack of aid from the Byzantine emperor resulted in loss of troops which then led to lack of man power on the crusade . If the Byzantium’s would have sent help and aid to the crusade, it would have meant many more troops would have survived making the crusader stronger and making them a much more powerful force. Furthermore, the strong muslim unity was also to blame partially for the crusader failure. A reason for this was that the promotion of Jihad by Zengi and Nurreddin gave Muslims the power needed for them to strive and determined to takeover the states the Franks. Another reason for the failure was that the leaders lacked the dedication they had for the first crusade, this then resulted in the troops also lacking enthusiasm meaning the manpower was at a significantly low level during the second crusade. Also, ‘crusade’ meant a variety of different things to different religious groups. One thing they all had in common was they all desired a spiritual reward in return for their service, not to save the East. This meant the crusaders had the wrong frame of mind to begin. This effected on the impact of the troops and the progress of the crusade as it lacked the desire to complete the crusade. Divisions in the East meant that Louis lost support of Raymond of Tripoli and Jocelyn as these remained in the North. This effected to supplies and aid that these leaders could have supplied. As well as aid they could have supplied troops which would have made the crusade much stronger as a whole. Finally, the attack on Damascus played potentially a big part in the failure as it produced more divisions. This was due to the fact it was a politically neutral area. It was also allied to Jerusalem. The attack resulted in the Muslims uniting further making the made it more difficult for the crusade to be complete as Nuredin barred the gates after the appeal from Damascus. This decision resulted in the crusade becoming a weaker force as the Muslim forces were becoming more united and stronger resulting in them having more man power. The final reasons for the failure of the crusade were the mistakes made by Louis VII and how they effected the overall progression of the crusade. Firstly, Louis had an unclear focus of going on the crusade. He was reluctant to embark at fist which meant he didn’t have much belief in the outcomes himself. He went to seek repentance for the massacre he had committed at Vitry, so just like most of the crusaders he was not focused on saving the East he was looking for a spiritual reward. He also failed to swear fealty to Manuel after attacking the Greeks. This resulted in the Byzantium’s refusing to send aid to Louis after he had asked. The little help from the Byzantium’s meant that the crusade lacked the aid and support they needed to keep a large amount of their soldiers alive. This resulted in high death rates, decreasing number of troops and lack of man power. Overall Louis lacked the qualities of a leader he had poor organisation and preparation skills as well as the lack of decision making. When he decided to travel to Antioch by sea he didn’t have the supplies to do this effectively. This meant he lost a large number of troops before even getting to the location. His poor decision making resulted in division of his own army as no one could decide on group decisions etc. This meant that the troops were not working as a team so the frame of mind was not there for them to succeed and complete the crusade. His personal life also had an effect on the crusade. He was more interested in his personal dislikes and relationship than those of the affair. This meant his decisions weren’t based on what was best for the success of the crusade but what was best for him and his personal aspects of his own life. This shows he did not prioritise the crusade so he lacked the enthusiasm that would have rubbed off onto his troops. Finally, when he attacked Damascus he lost the only Muslim ally of the Crusader states. This meant he lost out on supplies and aid the city would have provided as well as uniting the Muslim states even more. In conclusion, all three points had some sort of effect on the failure of the 2nd crusade but the most important was certainly Louis VII lack of leadership and enthusiasm to the crusade. If he would have planned the route and prioritised the crusade he would have gained the help from the Byzantines. He made many wrong decisions that affected the failure because if he hadn’t of attacked Damascus he wouldn’t have lost the only Muslim ally to the Crusader states. His lack of enthusiasm meant the crusade didn’t have a specific motive or aim which meant that the crusaders were not as interested or dedicated to completing the crusade. His lack of organisation resulted in stronger forces of the muslims which resulted with his force being much weaker than those he was crusading against. If a dedicated leader would have led the 2nd crusade it would have been a much greater success as it would have been planned and organised.

Free Essays on OJT

In order for companies to keep an edge and stay ahead of competition, they have to increase their flexibility, use advanced technologies, and most of all, continue to strive for improved responsiveness to their customers’ needs. Successes in these areas are critical and can be as simple as having an effective and efficient on-the-job training (OJT) program. OJT refers to an employee responsible to learn a job by actually doing it (Dressler, 2003). There are numerous ways that OJT can be delivered, but traditionally it has been by supervisors or front-line managers. In today’s society there is a need for specific trainers, and selecting those trainers is as crucial as hiring the right person for the job. Some organizations are even seeing the need to have those trainers certified and held accountable to identifiable standards (Walter, 1998). There are clear-cut advantages to certifying a trainer that include the assurance of standardization and consistency of training. They also guarantee that the trainer will possess up-to-date knowledge and skills of the tasks that need to be performed. On-the-job trainers may be selected in a variety of different ways. Supervisors or peer groups could nominate colleagues or co-workers that they think are capable of being a good trainer. The employer might appoint the person. Employees may volunteer for the position. After the selection process has occurred, nominees or volunteers who were chosen might be interviewed by a committee of human resource professionals and managers who would explain the responsibilities of OJT (Walter, 1998). Another option would be to give the selected individual a test to identify if they have the right skill-sets for the position. The ultimate goal for the person selecting the trainer needs to be aware of the following traits for the candidate:  ¨ Technical experience  ¨ Job-task knowledge  ¨ Interpersonal skills  ¨ Attitude  ¨ Listening ... Free Essays on OJT Free Essays on OJT In order for companies to keep an edge and stay ahead of competition, they have to increase their flexibility, use advanced technologies, and most of all, continue to strive for improved responsiveness to their customers’ needs. Successes in these areas are critical and can be as simple as having an effective and efficient on-the-job training (OJT) program. OJT refers to an employee responsible to learn a job by actually doing it (Dressler, 2003). There are numerous ways that OJT can be delivered, but traditionally it has been by supervisors or front-line managers. In today’s society there is a need for specific trainers, and selecting those trainers is as crucial as hiring the right person for the job. Some organizations are even seeing the need to have those trainers certified and held accountable to identifiable standards (Walter, 1998). There are clear-cut advantages to certifying a trainer that include the assurance of standardization and consistency of training. They also guarantee that the trainer will possess up-to-date knowledge and skills of the tasks that need to be performed. On-the-job trainers may be selected in a variety of different ways. Supervisors or peer groups could nominate colleagues or co-workers that they think are capable of being a good trainer. The employer might appoint the person. Employees may volunteer for the position. After the selection process has occurred, nominees or volunteers who were chosen might be interviewed by a committee of human resource professionals and managers who would explain the responsibilities of OJT (Walter, 1998). Another option would be to give the selected individual a test to identify if they have the right skill-sets for the position. The ultimate goal for the person selecting the trainer needs to be aware of the following traits for the candidate:  ¨ Technical experience  ¨ Job-task knowledge  ¨ Interpersonal skills  ¨ Attitude  ¨ Listening ...

Free sample - Social Story Interventions for Students. translation missing

Social Story Interventions for Students. Social Story Interventions for StudentsSocial Story Interventions for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders A Meta-Analysis According to the American Psychiatrist Association (APA, 2000), Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of disorders characterized by a variety of difficulties with social interactions, communication, interests and repetitive behaviors. Included in ASD is autism, Aspersers Syndrome(AS) and pervasive developmental disorder which is not otherwise specified(PDD-MOS.)A wide range of interventions have been practiced so as to   mitigate the disorder. Among the intervention strategies is the use of social stories. These are individualized short stories written by teachers or parents of students with ASD. These stories can according to Atwood,2000 be used to aid people with such disorders in interpreting and comprehending challenging or rather confusing social questions. Social stories also give information regarding what people in a given situation are doing, feeling, thinking, sequence of events and the identification of important social cues and their meaning. Basically, the storie s deal with the ; who, what, when and why aspects of social situations (Atwood, 2000.p.90). Reynhout and Carter conducted a meta-analysis of single subject research to examine the use of social stories and the role of comprehensive set of moderator variables which include intervention and participant characteristics on intervention outcomes. In 2004, Sansosti, Powel Smith and Kincaid had carried out a comprehensive review and synthesis of the already existing research literature relating to social story effectiveness and discovered that a lot of the conducted studies were deficient of experimental control, had weak treatment effects and were confounded by a range of treatment variables. This made it hard to determine whether social stories alone were responsible for the changes seen in target behaviors.(Reynhout and Carter ,p.466)coincide with the observations made by Kincaid and company. They note that 'existing research does not demonstrate unequivocally that social story intervention is consistently effective in facilitating behavior change in children with autism. A com parison between two related studies was done. The studies were: a meta-analysis of single subject research and a web based survey. The two research studies had the following set of questions :( a) what is the overall effectiveness of social stories? (b) How are social stories constructed and used? and (c) What are the control participant and intervention variables that moderate the effectiveness of social stories? In the meta-analysis, (Crozier, 2007) Percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) was computed for the total intervention in the study for each participant. A set of inclusion criteria was used i.e. â€Å"studies using non experimental AB designs†¦treatment packages, those involving participants without a diagnosis of ASD and those with ceiling effects in baselines were not included†(Crozier, 2007). Due to this, a total of 18 studies comprising of 15 published articles and 3 dissertations that had been published between the years 2002 and 2007 were included in the meta-analysis. The web based questionnaire analyzed using descriptive statistics provided data for the survey. The final sample was made up of 42 teachers who were dealing with students with ASD. The use and effectiveness of social story was obtained and later on compared and contrasted across the two studies. The results of the meta-analysis pointed out those social stories had low to questionable overall effectiveness as per the PND score of 62% in the range 11-100% obtained for the intervention. Most teachers on contrary perceived the stories as highly effective when used to address transition difficulties faced by students with ASD. The meta-analysis indicated larger effects of the social stories on the reduction of challenging traits as opposed to the increase of social stall. According to the studies, the use of teachers as agents of social stories in special education contexts is the most common. On the other hand, the use of social stories in general education classrooms with students as their own intervention agents were associated with greater treatment effectiveness. The application of Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)   to inform social story interventions is believed to have led to improved outcomes. Younger and higher functioning participants such as students with better communication and social skills seemed to benefit to a greater extent from the intervention compared to older students with lower levels of skill development. The analysis also made use of additional variables of interest such as format of social stories, length and intensity of the intervention, use of comprehensive checks and participant reading skills.

Horse Fighting in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Horse Fighting in Asia - Essay Example These fighting are conducted in stadiums or in the fields of different villages. Mostly, they are done in less populated areas. However in case of populated areas it is conducted on local road tracks, which may be harmful for citizens as well. That is why I have chosen this topic to study its context and history as well as analyzing it basis of how this game came into existence. 1.2 Horse fighting This sport is common in all parts of Asia. Horses are mainly used in fighting, kicking and biting in order to create entertainment and have a financial gain. This is mostly practiced in the countries which have more tourists each year. These people spend a lot to gain pleasure and try to earn money which leads to gambling on horse fighting. This practice is illegal one cannot harm other living being for entertainment or to have more money. There are many other ways to have these two things rather than conducting this sport. Horse fighting also involves a process and technique. Firstly, a ma re is binged by injection of hormones. Then she is taken out tied with roped and as well as padded for couple of minutes so that they can pick her scent. Then the two stallions are released and they start fighting with each other, while mare stands at a distance. It is continued for several minutes, horses keep on biting and kicking each other, unless and until one goes out of the ring. If one does not get out of ring, it can lead to death of any one. These fights are conducted on daily basis and lead to bloody wounds on the body of horses every time when they enter in a race. This is very unhealthy and risky game for their life. It have been noted that most of the horses die after the fight or they are slaughtered for meat and are shot dead if they are unable to do fighting (Amschler Wolfgang, 1935). Horses are graceful, social and intelligent creatures that don’t fight among each other. Studies indicated that when horses are shown care and are given safe and healthy environ ment, in result they become a strong bond with human beings. They can help in many social activities. However, involving horses in fight with each other is against the nature. History is past, today in this modern world one should try to make best use of all resources rather than wasting them. Training and development Horses are trained for fights on the basis of a manual of war among horses which was written by Hittite horse master in 1350 BC. This was one of the earliest manual written on horses and is in practice till today. The most difficult part in training horses is to overcome its natural instinct to flee the smell of blood, from noise and confusion related to combat. It is also made to learn unusual movement of humans and fighting with the other horse. They are made to hurt other horse though kicking, biting and striking thus they are made to serve as a weapon. It is important to develop agility and balance in the horse while fighting with the other. So in this training and development program horses are made to learn all acts of fighting (Matt Van Hoven, 2008). 1.3 Historical perspective and analysis Horse fighting is a sport since 500 years back and is mainly done by Indonesia, China, South Korea, and Philippines. It is a

Is it right to suggest that Strategies are not worth the Paper they Essay

Is it right to suggest that Strategies are not worth the Paper they are Written On - Essay Example 7 – 8). Strategy innovation that challenges the existing models is the only way for new companies to succeed in the face of competition and enormous resource disadvantages. Without investigating how best to create money, it is unlikely that wealth creation will occur and growth may not necessarily the best way to go for all firms. Although managers may feel that delivering quality at the right price will deliver the desired results, it will be important for them to know how best to do this (Hamel, 1998, Pp. 7 – 8). Even if the competitive environment is changing rapidly, it still makes sense to try to understand the trends to decide how best to take advantage of these. Thus, although a need may exist to reinvent the practice of strategy, it will be wrong to suggest that strategy itself is worthless because deciding about how to achieve an end cannot be useless. Mintzberg (1987, Pp. 25 – 30) suggests that organisations need to set their direction and focus if they are to succeed and even though this idea emerged more than twenty years ago, it is still right today. It is likely that if the grand strategy for an organisation is correct, the performance will be superior compared to the case when no strategy is prepared and performance depends on chance. Although a focus on strategy may blind an organisation to the need for properly managing its operations, without a strategy it will be difficult to have properly focused operations. Strategy presents a focus, which results in a coordination of organisational activity in an attempt to achieve the optimal. Strategy encourages an organisation to appropriately acquire, organise and utilise resources. In addition, strategy... It should be obvious from the discussion presented in the essay that despite the fact that rapid change now presents greater demands on strategy formulation, it will be wrong to suggest that strategies are not worth the paper. However, because information is now readily available, collaboration is far more rapid and the business environment is global with global markets and customers shaping demand, strategy needs leadership, an emphasis on superior processes for formulation, an attention to detail and rigor, participation, inputs from trends and patterns, inputs from organisational learning and experience, optimal implementation and well-considered execution. Without an approach that emphasises the craft in strategy formulation, flawed strategy can present disasters for organisations. Now, strategy is a continuous and never-ending process rather than a one-off plan.

I’m Nobody Essay Example for Free

I’m Nobody Essay â€Å"I’m Nobody! Who are You? † is a poem written by Emily Dickinson. The poem conveys the main idea of being alone, isolated from the society – or being â€Å"nobody†. This is partly influenced by the social gender status of Dickinson’s time – 19th century featured the inequality of sexes, where females were expected to stay at home and serve their husbands, thus disconnected from the society. As a result Dickinson had adapted and perhaps taken pleasure into being an outsider, whilst she found it boring to be part of the society – or to be a â€Å"somebody†. These are all various ideas reflected through Emily Dickinson’s poem. The poem has 2 stanzas very typical of Emily Dickinson’s style. Her choice of language in this poem is also very simple and succinct – but at the same time meaningful and pithy. The first line, â€Å"I’m nobody! †, shows how Dickinson admits to be a â€Å"nobody† willingly. Being a â€Å"nobody† can mean an outsider – a person who is isolated, alienated from the rest of the world and society. The second phrase of the line – â€Å"Who are you? † shows that the poem is directly written to a target. This person – shown on the second line of the first stanza, is a â€Å"nobody† too – perhaps even a friend of Dickinson. The poet also realizes the fact that being a â€Å"nobody† is to be loathed by the society. This is shown in line 3, when she advises the other â€Å"nobody† not to tell, as she states in line 4 â€Å"They’d banish us†. The word â€Å"They† in the beginning of lines 3 and 4 suggests the rest of the society – people who are â€Å"somebody†, as opposed to Dickinson’s â€Å"nobody’. The use of dash in line 3 shows the furtiveness of the phrase â€Å"don’t tell! †, emphasizing the hatred or dislike they face from the society. The same effect is achieved by the use of exclamation mark in line 3. Lines 3 and 4 can also be interpreted as that after she finds another â€Å"nobody†, they are a pair – not longer belong to a group of â€Å"nobodies†. She does not want to be banished from the status of being â€Å"nobodies†. A conclusion can be drawn that she feels more secure to be a â€Å"nobody†; she feels comfortable to be treated as a â€Å"nobody† by the rest of the society. The second stanza sees a noticeable change in Dickinson’s tone. The repetitions of â€Å"How† and â€Å"To† in the beginning of each line give a more secure and commanding tone. This can be explained by the â€Å"discovery† of another â€Å"nobody† stated by the poet in the first stanza – she feels more assured that to be a â€Å"nobody† is not too unacceptable as she is not the only one. Also perhaps because she feels more secure to be with a person who feels the same as she does and understands her, she is more willing and daring to express her more inner feelings. The poet states that it is â€Å"dreary to be somebody† in line 5 of the second stanza. â€Å"Dreary† refers to being boring or dull; and â€Å"to be somebody† suggests to be recognized by the society and belong to it. Hence Dickinson is suggesting that to be part of a society is tedious and meaningless to her, which can also implies being a â€Å"nobody† is the contrary – interesting and meaningful. A further implication may be that being â€Å"nobody† allows her to write poetry – as it is not part of the â€Å"traditional role† of women at her time to write poetry, and instead women were expected to serve only their husbands. However, being a â€Å"nobody† in the society helps her to escape her role of being a â€Å"women†, granting her freedom instead. Hence we can see that poetry is meaningful to her. She also compares that to be â€Å"somebody† is like to be â€Å"public†, another indication that Dickinson likes isolation – which is proven correctly as one would learn that she locked herself in her house for the majority of her life. Dickinson uses a simile to compare â€Å"somebody† to a â€Å"frog† in line 6. This can be explained by the fact that â€Å"frogs† are considered noisy with the sound they generate. Combining with line 8, â€Å"To an admiring bog! †, it suggests the idea that frogs create noise to be noticed – but only by â€Å"an admiring bog†. A bog is the environment in which a frog dwells – this creates an irony. Emily Dickinson is suggesting that although being a â€Å"somebody† means being noticed by the public, but the public to â€Å"somebody† is like a bog to a frog – it is not really a relationship, or friendship, as no one would say that a bog is the friend of a frog. Also the word â€Å"admiring† creates a whole sense of sarcasm to the idea – and the technique of personification is used to describe the â€Å"bog† as well, perhaps to emphasize the sarcasm of the simile. Overall the poet suggests that to be â€Å"somebody† might mean to be well-known, accepted by the society; however the relationships are often shallow, distanced or impersonal. The rhyming of the words â€Å"frog† and â€Å"bog† also suggests a congenial relationship between â€Å"Somebody† and her targeted audience – conveying the idea that the poem is a direct criticism against the â€Å"somebody† – the general public. Through the use of contrast and irony between â€Å"Nobody† and â€Å"Somebody†, her strong will to be a â€Å"nobody† is shown, as well as her despise towards â€Å"somebody†. This poem reflects Emily Dickinson’s life and perhaps her more inner and cryptic feelings – it was probably written from the heart. She imprisoned herself for the most of her life, completely isolated from the rest of the world. This may contribute to the reason why she thinks being an â€Å"outsider† is better than being â€Å"somebody†, and that she does not value â€Å"friendship† in the same way as normal people do. However at the same time it was also proven in the poem – for instance she found another â€Å"nobody† in the first stanza – that she is not totally a recluse, and that she treasures the very few friendships she had.

On socialism :: essays research papers

Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism): Reflection Summary of Content This article condemns socialism as anti Christian philosophy. From beginning to end, its hateful tone and description of socialism does not change. In the first paragraph, it already denounces socialism as a deadly plague creeping into society. Later, it ends with calling socialism a step into wickedness. Most concerning about socialism is condemning of two things. First, the Church (or so the article claims) was built on the inequality of men. Hence, socialism creates chaos because people refuse to obey higher power. This, to the church’s eye, is dangerous because it destroys God’s natural order. As well, socialism permitting divorces is not viewed pleasantly by the Church. Divorcing, the article states, is not permitted even in barbarous people (keep in mind the date at which this article was written). In eyes of the Church at the time, socialists are regarded lower than even barbarous people are. Questions On the Article: 1) Why is it that socialism is condemned in the Church’s eye since in Heaven, there is not supposed to be any ownership of property? 2) Why is it that the church seems to promote the inequality of men? Is that not contradictory to the Bible stating that all people are made in the image of God. 3) What is the reason that the Church forbids divorcing? Objective Conclusion It is evident that socialism is evil in the eyes of the Church. The church correctly claims that socialism cannot create the Utopia it promises. Most people in socialist nations are not happy. As seen in histories of China and Russia under a communist government, socialism creates tyrannical governments where civilians are lazy and unmotivated. Such is not someone beautiful in the Church’s eyes. Reflection/Subjective Reactions â€Å"Defile the flesh, despise dominion and blaspheme majesty† (POPE LEO XIII, 1878, 1); â€Å"Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism)’s condemnation is devastating, and seem unfit for a social system created to imitate heaven; now, no longer are the poor oppressed and social inequality plaguing its unfortunate victims. Through invoking language, â€Å"Quod Apostolici Muneris (On Socialism) contrasts everything socialism represents with God’s will. From God’s marriage to church and â€Å"natural law†, it condemns socialism as â€Å"deadly plague that creeps into the very fibers of human† (POPE LEO XIII, 1878, 1). Unfortunately, the presented arguments victimize socialism more than to reveal its evils. The language, though full of powerful words, holds empty of evidence to justify the claim.

Marketing Efforts Paper

Big Brothers Big Sisters Metro Atlanta – Marketing Efforts Paper Tolejala Keel PA 572 Managing Nonprofit Development Programs Keller Graduate School Professor Ian Coyle Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Historical Background 3,4 III. Mission Statement4 IV. Marketing Methods- Organization Centered4,5 V. Marketing Methods- Customer Centered5,6 VI. Recommendations6 VII. References7 Big Brothers Big Sisters I. Introduction The greater metro Atlanta organization is one of the most successful and diverse chapters of Big Brothers Big Sisters.Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) helps at-risk children beat the odds. Big Brothers Big Sisters is the world? s largest mentoring program helping over 270,000 children around the world reach their potential through professionally supported one-to-one relationships. They nurture children, help them realize their potential and build their futures. In doing so they also strengthen communities. Each time Big Brothers Big Sisters pairs a child wi th a role model, one-to-one relationships are built on trust and friendship. These friendships often develop into a future of unlimited potential.II. Historical Background In 1904 Ernest Kent Coulter, a young New York City court clerk named noticed the increased of young boys introduced to the court system. He knew something needed to be done to help these kids and set out to find willing and caring adults volunteers that could help these boys stay out of trouble. That marked the beginning of Big Brothers Big Sisters of New York City and the Big Brothers movement. At around the same time, the members of a group called Ladies of Charity were befriending girls who had come through the New York Children’s Court.That group would later become Catholic Big Sisters. Both groups continued to work independently until 1977, when Big Brothers of America and Big Sisters International joined forces and became Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta ( BBBS) has been serving the Metro Atlanta area for nearly fifty years. Our goal is to enrich children’s lives and provide a solid foundation to allow the next generation to be all they can be—one child at a time. III. Mission StatementThe mission of Big Brothers Big Sisters is to provide children facing adversity with strong and enduring, professionally supported one-to-one relationships that change their lives for the better, forever. Vision: all children achieve success in life. Accountability: by partnering with parents/guardians, volunteers and others in the community we are accountable for each child in our program achieving: * Higher aspirations, greater confidence, and better relationships * Avoidance of risky behaviors * Educational success IV. Marketing Methods- Organization CenteredBig Brothers Big Sisters plan involves the development of a more robust, sustainable resource engine focused on our mission and vision, led by strong board and executive leadership, and strengthened by investments in our fund development systems Below are some of their marketing programs that are organization-centered: A. School-Based Mentoring program is built on partnerships between Metro Atlanta corporations and Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta (BBBS) with the goal of creating mentoring friendships between corporate volunteers and elementary or middle school within close proximity of the corporate site.The corporations sponsor such programs as job shadowing and career day activities on site. The School-Based program includes partnerships with local colleges in addition to those with local corporations. B. Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta is a well established, recognized and respected charity, and has been changing the lives of disadvantaged children for over 100 years. With the support of their valued partners, they can provide and expand many programs, activities and services.They offer many attractive partnership opportunities, from cau se marketing campaigns, Workplace Mentoring, and event sponsorships. These partnerships helps businesses achieve their own business objectives while empowering (BBBS) to strengthen the resiliency of the children, heightening their self-esteem, improving their school performance, enhancing their social and family relationships, and helping them avoid trouble with the law. V. Marketing Methods- Customer Centered When people think of mentoring programs, they think of Big Brothers Big Sisters.As an established youth organization, we’ve worked for more than 100 years to develop youth mentoring programs that work. Our experienced approach to recruiting, screening, matching, and supporting our mentoring relationships has resulted in thousands of lasting relationships and helped change the lives of young people across the country. Below are some of their marketing programs that are customer-centered: A. Mentoring Towards College (MTC) is a comprehensive curriculum with a dual mission : to support academic success in each grade level AND to ensure on-time graduation and college matriculation.In this program, the Mentor uses the MTC curriculum to provide direction and guidance while the child is actually responsible for completing the objectives which include workshops, discussions and programs. All MTC activities work toward the goal of academic success in high school and college preparation. B. The Star Program allows the mentors and children matches to experience theatre first-hand, and explore their imaginations as well as the world around them.Through special after-school performances, matches experience the Atlanta’s many unique and artistic performances and exhibits geared towards complementing student development. VI. Recommendations Research has shown that most non-profit organizations have an â€Å"organization-centered† mindset. However moving from an â€Å"organization-centered† to a â€Å"customer-centered† approach to mark eting will provide a better opportunity for non-profit organizations to increase their competitive advantage and aid in meeting the terms organizational mission.There are two ways in which Big Brothers Big Sisters can become more customer-centered in their marketing efforts: A. Big Brothers Big Sisters can capitalize on Atlanta’s reputation as a very cultural city and professional sports teams. Most Valuable Kids (MVK) will provide (BBBS) children with ticket donations to attend cultural events, professional and collegiate sports and entertainment events. Live entertainment provides a positive source of inspiration for children in a world where there are many negative alternatives. B.Hispanic Mentoring Program- According to the U. S. Census Bureau. Latinos make up about 14 percent of the nation’s population and more than one-third of all Hispanics in the United States are under age 18. Over one-quarter of Hispanic children under 18 in the U. S. live in poverty. The His panic Mentoring Program continues the Big Brothers Big Sisters tradition of outreach to at-risk youth by emphasizing the connection with Hispanic communities and the recruitment of Latino volunteers. References Andreasen, Alan R. , and Philip Kotler.Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008. â€Å"Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"The Big Move! † Big Brothers Big Sisters of Metro Atlanta. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Sept. 2012. . â€Å"Start Something for a Child Today-Big Brothers Big Sisters. † . N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 Sept. 2012. .

Money Is the Root of All Evil

Money is the root of all evil. Many of us grew up hearing that money is the root of all evil, but that is not really what scripture teaches us. Money is neither evil nor good. It is only what happens with money once it is in our hands that gives it qualities of either good or evil. Money can be many things, depending on how we relate to it. We need to understand the difference between a physical currency that is the basis for our lives and a material desire that is driven by greed. It is a fact that money makes the world go round and this is how we bargain for food, shelter, education, travel and just about everything in life has a price.Money is the reward for our work that allows us to enjoy the good things in life. It is the foundation for our social organizations and the donations to churches and charitable organizations that allows them to become established and function properly within our communities. From this point of view, money is not the evil; it is just a source of our s urvival. From the other hand, the love of money can destroys our lives. Not only money by themselves, but the desire of them. The greediness can destroy individuals, break up homes and even bring down nations.When the love of material possessions, social status and political power are the driving force behind our desire for money, we become rooted in evil. People can also make money there god. It depends on whether money is in control of the person or the person is in control of the money. It is clear, when money is in control of person it can make a lot of harm. To sum up, I should say that money is not evil, as I think. It's just the greed that's in the hearts of those who want it for needless riches and power that gives money the label of being evil.

3 Types of Faulty In-Line Lists

3 Types of Faulty In-Line Lists 3 Types of Faulty In-Line Lists 3 Types of Faulty In-Line Lists By Mark Nichol This post includes three examples of how sentences can go wrong because the writer has failed to support the sentence structure with the proper syntactical arrangement of words and phrases in relation to each other. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and one or more revisions demonstrate solutions. 1. The training materials should be communicated in a way  that is clear, appropriate for the users, and highlights  the key benefits of the change. This type of sentence is flawed in that the writer mistakenly assumes that a verb serves more than one list item, and therefore leaves one or more items bereft of support. Here, â€Å"appropriate for the users† requires its own verb (â€Å"is appropriate for the users†) to complement â€Å"is clear,† and the phrase beginning with highlights must be attached by a conjunction to, rather than separated with a comma from, the sentence element with which it shares a verb (with the insertion of a corresponding preposition for the first element and a complementary pronoun for the final one): â€Å"The training materials should be communicated in a way  that is clear to and appropriate for the users and that highlights  the key benefits of the change.† 2. Operational risk incidents can result in significant losses to the company, the industry, and, ultimately, to investors. This sentence has an error similar to that of the previous example, but in this case, a preposition, rather than a verb, is expected to handle a syntactical burden it is not qualified to carry- â€Å"the industry,† just like â€Å"the company† and investors, must have its own preposition: â€Å"Operational risk incidents can result in significant losses to the company, to the industry, and, ultimately, to investors.† (Alternatively, all three elements can share the first instance of the preposition: â€Å"Operational risk incidents can result in significant losses to the company, the industry, and, ultimately, investors.†) 3. Traditional financial institutions have significantly enhanced their risk and compliance programs by increasing resources, clarifying roles and responsibilities, upgrading their governance frameworks, as well as maintaining higher levels of capital. Here, a list is treated as if it consists of four items, but as constructed, the sentence has three items followed by a related item set off by the phrase â€Å"as well as†; because the last item is not part of the list, the item that does finish the list must be preceded by a conjunction: â€Å"Traditional financial institutions have significantly enhanced their risk and compliance programs by increasing resources, clarifying roles and responsibilities, and upgrading their governance frameworks, as well as maintaining higher levels of capital.† Better yet, simply incorporate the final phrase, for which distinctive treatment has no justification, into the list: â€Å"Traditional financial institutions have significantly enhanced their risk and compliance programs by increasing resources, clarifying roles and responsibilities, upgrading their governance frameworks, and maintaining higher levels of capital.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

APA Style Research Paper

APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper APA Style Research Paper The most commonly requested format for research paper writing is APA style. APA style is commonly used in the social sciences and is consider as the most influential research paper writing style. Nevertheless, different fields may have some aberration, so consult your advisor on research paper writing requirements. If the teacher asks you to write APA style research paper, you have to follow specific rules which make the presentation of written material more understandable. Research paper APA style covers the following elements: punctuation and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings, citation of references, presentation of statistics as well as many other elements that are a part of every academic essay. Research Paper Help The first thing you should do is to define a research paper topic. You have the possibility to demonstrate your research skills: collect information, examine it and make your own contribution to the existing knowledge. Every research paper topic should be focused on a problem or question which has to be solved or answered. Determine the main aspect of your research paper topic.  Library resources will help you to understand the topic problem and to arrange research paper ideas. Collect information on given phenomenon, inform about experiments that have been already done. Reading a scientific literature will help you to find out the most important and relevant data for your research paper writing. Title page, the text of the research paper and list of references are the basic issues of an APA style research paper. Writing a research paper you have to use other elements such as: abstract, references, appendices, footnotes, tables etc. Let's take a look at some elements. Title page is the separate first page. The title should be in the center about halfway down the page. The information including your name, college, course, professor etc. should be below the title. Make sure that the title is meaningful. It should signal to the reader what your research paper topic is. Bibliography list should be presented at the end of your research paper. The list begins on a new page. The purpose of including a bibliographic reference is to allow your readers to track down your sources. While writing bibliography, you need to include standard bibliographic information: author, title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. Custom Written Research Papers If you are not sure how to format your research paper in proper APA style, ask our writers for research paper writing help and the formatting will be done for free!   In addition to custom written research paper you receive free bibliography list, free title page, and free plagiarism report!   Only professional and experienced writers working at are entrusted to work on your research paper writing!

Space and Place Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Space and Place - Assignment Example ding to Finnegan, "New Yorkers use Central Park: for sports, from croquet to horseback riding to league softball; and for cultural events such as Shakespeare in the Park and other outdoor performances. It is also used for other sporting activities such as skating, cycling, and football" (302). Other than these activities, this park is a great location for a stroll as one enjoys the natural manmade habitat and watching the many types of birds available in the park. In addition, people visit this park regularly to view the numerous cascades, statues, and other figurines. There are a lot of people who use this park often. Primarily, this park is used by individuals living around New York City for recreational purposes. There are also secondary users of this park. These include musicians, local performers or actors, sportsmen or athletes, and also domestic visitors and tourists. To understand the environment in this park, it is important to describe its permanent features. As elucidated by Finnegan, Central Parks landscape covers a total of eight hundred and forty acres (304). Subsequently, this scenery is designed in such a way that presents an exceptional feeling for visitors. There are also conforming and contrasting topography, as well as characteristic impressions created by the stylish viaducts and other suspension bridges. Other permanent features in the park include lakes, ponds, commemorative inscription tablets, zoos, playing fields, and turf (Finnegan 304). There are also movable objects within Central Park. These include man-made structures such as the Obelisk, Cleopatras needle, statues, and other sculptures. There is a relationship between the permanent features and the movable objects in this park. The movable objects are used to revamp or titivate the natural environment. The natural environment comprises the permanent features. Movable objects also makes accessibility to the permanent features such as lakes easier. To propose how else the objects

Paper_8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper_8 - Essay Example I am aware of at least one incident where a man had his medical records used without his consent and the records inadvertently revealed his identity. As a result, many people in his community discovered details of his medical history that he wished to keep private! Forcing individuals to divulge medical information without their consent also runs afoul of the Fifth Amendment's prohibition on taking private property for public use without just compensation. After all, people do have a legitimate property interest in their private information; therefore restrictions on an individual's ability to control the dissemination of their private information represents a massive regulatory taking. The takings clause is designed to prevent this type of sacrifice of individual property rights for the "greater good." To the extent these regulations sacrifice individual rights in the name of a bureaucratically-determined "common good," they are incompatible with a free

Emuglents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Emuglents - Assignment Example Density modifiers can be used to ensure that the continuous and disperse phases have similar densities. This will prevent sedimentation and creaming problem. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable chemical compositions. As a result, care has to be taken to ensure that the physical stability remains intact. Other additives to formulations are colors, flavors, and perfumes. These additives have the capacity of altering emulsions; in terms of the physical characteristics. This is because of the presence of electrolytes which have an effect on pH levels; and, therefore, can impact the flocculation degree. On the other hand, addition of a sweetening emulgent leads to exhibition of Newtonian properties. The consequence of this is that, the rheological suspension properties could be affected adversely. Emulsion viscosity is determined by emulsifying agent concentrations in the formulation preparations. This is applicable to both water-in-oil, in addition to, oil-in-water systems. From the table of results, we can see the effects that surfactants have on the stability of emulsions. In the different solutions, with varying degrees of surfactants we can see that the changes through time depends on the concentration of the surfactants seen in B1, B2, A1, and

Indias Relation with ASEAN

Indias Relation with ASEAN IMPLICATIONS ON INDIA 1.  General.  India and ASEAN share age old historical, cultural and economic ties. These relations stood the test of time till 1962 after which India somehow disengaged from South East Asia. India reinstituted its ‘Look East’ policy in 1992. This was necessitated due to the growing economic status of ASEAN nations as also security concerns of India in ASEAN region, which could be handled better with rejuvenated relations with the countries of the region and for this ASEAN’s coherence is in India’s vital national interest. Both traditional and non-traditional security concerns of ASEAN have direct or indirect bearing on the overall security of the region in general and India in particular. Traditional security concerns like nuclear proliferation, regional cooperation, balance of power and defense capabilities and non- traditional security concerns like financial collapse and domestic governance problems, both influence India’s, strategic position in the region as non traditional security concerns can lead to traditional security concerns. 2.  Chinas Influence. Increasing efforts of China to increase and expand its influence in the ASEAN region is a matter of grave concern to India, both economically and in the field of security. With ASEAN expanding to form ASEAN plus three coalitions ASEAN now includes China, South Korea and Japan has far reaching effects on Indian â€Å"Look East Policy†. The various effects of growing Chinese influence are: (a) Security regionalism in Asia, led by the ASEAN, is being severely tested by the growing intensity of the China’s territorial disputes with its maritime neighbors in the East and South China Seas. (b) China’s refusal to collectively engage ASEAN on South China Sea issue and its growing ability to wean away individual members of the organization underlines the dangers of the new dynamics in ASEAN. One outcome of this was annual meetings of ASEAN foreign ministers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in July 2012, ended in political disarray over the question of territorial disputes in the South China Sea. For the first time in the history of the organization, ministers  failed to issue a joint statement, and many analysts have attributed this outcome to Beijing’s new ability to influence the internal dynamic in the ASEAN. These efforts of China to engage all ASEAN nations bilaterally may undermine the  strength of ASEAN which is contrary to Indian desires of strong ASEAN that can insulate SE Asia from any external interventions. (c)  Military Expansion. China has also increased its military influence in the South China Sea. The recent incursions of China into the Spartley islands and the Mischief Reef will affect India militarily. China will have far reaching influence in the area especially with Hong Kong and Macao already amalgamated into the peoples Republic of China. In the event of a confrontation between India and China, the latter would have greater influence in ASEAN region inversely affecting India’s security as well as regional and international standing. (d)  Economic Expansion. In todays globalised world economy and military capabilities of a nation are closely linked. China is fast emerging as an international economic force. Its influence on the ASEAN economies is considerable and growing. With the military expansion into ASEAN, China could harm India’s economic security. If relations between India and China deteriorate, a strong military presence of China in the South China Sea could severe Indian sea lines of communications in the region affecting trade with the countries of the region. China at the moment is concentrating on building its economic power and does not appear to have a military bearing in the region. It is trying to settle its disputes i.e. Spartley islands according to the laws of the sea, has withdrawn its naval forces from Senkaku islands and Mischief Reef, but the future could be very different which India needs to plan for and guard against. The straits of Malacca in South East Asia form a bottleneck on the maritime route to East Asia and Asia-Pacific region. (e)  The Burmese Connection. Burma or Myanmar, a member of ASEAN has important security implications for India. Myanmar is traditionally China’s close aide and is dependent on China for many of its economic and military needs. Chinas influence in Burma poses a security concern to India, more so because Myanmar and India share common land and sea borders. In the event of a China -India confrontation, China could use Myanmar land and sea areas for military action against India. China already, has established its bases in Myanmar to monitor India’s missile tests at Chandipur. Through Myanmar China could not only threaten India’s security from land but also from sea. With a pro-communist military government in Myanmar and its over-dependence on China India’s security interests are threatened. With Myanmar joining ASEAN and ARF, there is increased pressure to restore democracy and this would draw Myanmar away form its dependence on a communist China. 3.  Insurgency.  ASEAN is a region fraught with ethnic and communal insurgency problems. India faces similar problems in various parts of the country. Myanmar an ASEAN state has a sizeable border with Indian Eastern States. The near porous border is used by insurgents to move to and fro. The thick jungles in Myanmar form ideal bases for insurgents to hide and use these areas as launch pads for insurgent activity into India. After striking into India these insurgents slip into Myanmar making India’s tackling of this problem increasingly difficult. The linguistic and ethnic similarity of the people on both sides makes identification of insurgents extremely difficult. 4.  Terrorism. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre and subsequent attacks in India are a tragic reminder that international terrorism does not respect national borders-and requires global[1] and regional solutions. The ASEAN region has more than 300 million Muslims, many of them supporting Muslim terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda. India is one of the most badly affected countries by terrorism. With close cultural and religious links between India and many ASEAN countries there is a danger of terrorism spreading to India from ASEAN nations, if it already has not happened. Since extradition treaties do not exist between India and these nations criminals committing crimes in India go unpunished after escaping to these nations. The internal security of India has already been affected on many occasions. Many Muslim terrorist organizations operating from ASEAN countries are spreading terrorism in India. These organizations having an international infrastructure with a common agenda could threaten India’s security if not controlled. 5.  Increasing Military Capability. In the present scenario the ASEAN nations do not have any military conflict areas with India . However, most of them have reasonably strong armed forces which are being further strengthened. Indonesia has recently acquired an aircraft carrier and Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar have strong military capabilities. In future should a conflict arise between any ASEAN nations with India and considering the proximity to India’s Eastern waters as also the maritime trade routes, which India uses, it could be a security threat to India. 6. Weapons of Mass Destruction. Many strategic analysts consider Asia as a possible hot spot for nuclear confrontation. The only nuclear attack in Japan took place in the vicinity of ASEAN nations. Ever since, many Asian powers have developed overtly or covertly nuclear capabilities which could trigger a nuclear war in the region. China has the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world. With China’s common communist ideology with many ASEAN states nuclear proliferation of the region cannot be ruled out. A similar proliferation is possible to certain ASEAN Muslim nations through Pakistan. Another potential nuclear challenge resides in the Korean Peninsula, where North Korea now faces the need to either fish or cut bait with respect to its nuclear program. A North Korean nuclear capability would raise the stakes of war on the peninsula, and increase the pressure on Japan and South Korea to mount nuclear weapon programs of their own. All these above events, occurring in the Indi an backyard would threaten Indian security interest in the region. The latest nuclear and biological threat exists from terrorists. Since religious fundamentalism is predominant in various ASEAN states, the availability of such weapons of mass destruction with terrorists could become a serious issue of concern to India. 7.  Safety of SLOC’S.  Region of Bay of Bengal and Malacca Strait is very important to India as India’s strategic strength lies in this region, which has the potential to create vulnerability to China. Security of SLOCs and island territory is a concern but India is well poised to take care of this aspect. This is also an area of cooperation with ASEAN and Asia Pacific countries. The increasing importance of maritime trade and energy security for India has made it imperative to ensure the safety of Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOC’s) in Southeast Asia. Maritime piracy has large implications for security in the economic sphere and in the Malacca Straits, is a common threat to India and the ASEAN region. With India being dependent on sea ways for over 97 per cent of its global trade, the safety of sea lanes around the ASEAN region is of vital importance to India. India understands that a prosperous and stable ASEAN that safeguards vital sea lanes between the Indian and Pacific Oceans will serve its best interests. Coordination between India and ASEAN in safeguarding their shared marine environment and its resources, promoting the safety and security of navigation in their common ocean areas, and ensuring legitimate, peaceful and sustainable uses of the oceans, can contribute to both maritime development and maritime security in the region. 8.  US Withdrawal. With the withdrawal of US troops from strategic locations in the region following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the South East Asian countries deemed it appropriate to guard against Chinese influence by setting up vital sea-lanes of communications such as the Taiwan, Malacca, Sunda and Lombhok Straits. Accordingly, ASEAN countries justifiably perceive India, with the largest Naval forces in the Indian Ocean and nuclear capabilities, a strategic partner to balance China’s growing power in the region[2]. This should be looked by India as an opportunity to go closer to the ASEAN nations thereby assisting indirectly in regional stability. Indian economy is deeply intertwined with the economic future of ASEAN region and should regional stability be disturbed it would have a cascading effect on Indian economy in general and security in particular. 9.  US-ASEAN Re-engagement.  Three important developments that took place in South East Asia in 2010 have come to redefine the nature and dynamics of the region’s engagement with the United States the most powerful player in today’s international politics. First, in response to the Chinese designation of South China Sea as an area of ‘core national interest,’ the American Secretary of State, Hillary Rodham Clinton claimed free passage in the disputed area as America’s ‘national interest.’ Second, the US, in order to influence the trajectories of ASEAN-driven cooperative processes, became a member of the East Asia Summit in October 2010 and also participated in the ADMM (ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meetings) Plus. Finally, the US  President visited Indonesia along with three other important Asian players – India, Japan and South Korea in November 2010, integrating Southeast Asia into its larger strategic discourse on Asia. In fact, Southeast Asia seems to have regained its Cold War position of being one of the pivots for the US in the latter’s grand strategy towards  the Asia-Pacific[3]. Since most important driving force for the re-engagement has come in the form of an uncertain nature of China’s growing diplomatic and strategic influence and the latter’s perceived aggression in the region it will definitely assist India in checking China’s future aspirations in the region, more so in the light of improving Indo US relations. 10. Certain non-traditional security concerns [4]of India in the ASEAN region could have wide-ranging effects on the economy, society and security of India. The non-traditional security concerns includes: (a)  Globalisation. With Indian economy heading towards liberalisation and globalisation there is an increasing amount of capital flowing to and from ASEAN countries. This phenomenon could be a major threat to state security if globalisation is not managed properly by India. In spite of the financial crisis the vibrant ASEAN economics could still shift the trade balance so greatly in their favor that Indian economic interests could be badly damaged. This would not only effect economic security but also have concurrent effects on India’s national security. Hence, it is essential for India to control and manage the pace of globalization to suit its own interests. (b)  Narcotics Trafficking and Associated Criminal Activities. India lies in between the two most significant drug trafficking areas of the world. With the â€Å"Golden Triangle† to its West, which includes Afghanistan and Pakistan, and  the â€Å"Golden Crescent† to its East to include Thailand and Myanmar India’s concerns about narcotic trafficking are legitimate. There is considerable flow of drugs through India which remains a concern for social security of the country. Myanmar produces a considerable share of the world narcotics. The money from the sale of drugs is often utilised by insurgents to buy weapons and explosives which is smuggled into India for insurgent activities causing internal security  problems in the country. The narcotic infrastructure is very well organized in Myanmar and Thailand. These drug cartels also have close links with India. This results in associated criminal activities like extortion, child labour and human trafficking, e ventually leading to general deterioration of social security in India. (c)  Competition for Fishing and Other Sea/Ocean- based Resources. India shares sea-based borders with many ASEAN countries. Since sea-based borders are less defined than land-based borders there are regular instances of intrusion into Indian waters by either fishing boats/trawlers or military vessels of counties from the ASEAN region. With increase in population of nations and consequent economic problems the importance of sea-based resources would increase. This could result in confrontation between various ASEAN states and India, as was the case between China and Philippines over Mischief Reef. There are certain maritime areas where exact demarcation and delineation is not done. These areas could also be future areas of concern to India’s security. (d)  Environmental Security Concerns. India and ASEAN, as also the entire world are closely linked to environmental changes and disasters. Environmental polices followed by one nation have an effect on the environment of all other nations. Global warming, droughts, floods resulting from industrialization and deforestation effect all nations. Environmental disasters  also affect the economy of nations. A case in point is the forest fires [5]and the subsequent haze problem in Indonesia. The deteriorated environment affected  tourism and hence economy of Indonesia as well as India as the tourist influx from India reduced drastically. (e)  Religious Extremism.There exists wide social and economic disparity between member nations of ASEAN. Countries like Laos and Cambodia cannot keep pace with the social development of certain other ASEAN countries, which are well developed. This leads to a sense of frustration and deprivation in certain sections of their society. This feeling coupled with religious fanaticism in certain society’s breeds’ religious extremism and sectarianism. This is the case in certain Muslim societies of ASEAN nations. Since religious extremism now cuts across national barriers, many of these disillusioned youth are finding their way to India, inciting religious tensions and indulging in insurgent activities. [1] David James, `The ASEAN Summit`, asia-inc, December 2001. [2] India ASEAN relations: Analysing regional implications. IPCS special report by Mohit Anand, May 2009 [3] View point by Dr Vibhanshu Shankar, Research fellow at Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi on emerging contours of US ASEAN re engagement; 25 Mar 2011. [4] `Regional International Affairs Program in Asia`, Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, http://www.rcss.org/projects/riapa/riapa.htm > [5] The ASEAN Summit, `asia-inc`, December 2001.

My House Was Destroyed by Fire Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay abou

December came quietly that year, not blinding us with a blanket of snow, but creeping through the landscape with a cold that ached in the bones. Every blade of grass was held captive by a sheath of frost, as were the glacial branches that scraped at my windows, begging to get in. It is indeed the coldest year I can remember, with winds like barbs that caught and pulled at my skin. People ceaselessly searched for warmth, but my family found that this year, the warmth was searching for us. My family had collected in the basement, a testament to tacky dà ©cor with a dash of dank- ness. Nevertheless, it was easily the warmest place in the house and all household activities were being conducted there that day. My dad was trying to conquer a video game with little success, and my brother and I toiled with our homework achieving an equal lack of accomplishment. The culprit of our distraction was undoubtedly the pot roast that waited upstairs for us, taunting our empty stomachs with its heavy smell which floated over the moldy air of the basement like oil on water. The aroma must have reminded my mother to afford the roast a checkup, for she had abandoned the laundry and was ascending the stairs. Now, I don’t believe much in the extrasensory, but I distinctly remember having a bad, bad feeling when my mother traversed the last step. Whatever this premonition may have been, it had me at my feet and waiting at the bottom of the stairs for a scream I already knew was coming. No foreshadowing could have prepared me for it, though. Her scream hit me like a cy- clone, turning my legs to rubber and my innards to slush. Frantic yelling followed the first shrill cry, and my father had nearly flown upstairs before I could even chi... ...the fire. My dolls were twisted and liquefied, broken and scorched, sprawled upon my shelves and floor as if my room was some elaborate death scene. Spectral pieces of shattered glass sparkled amongst the yellow glow of my flashlight, littering my bed and a great deal of the floor. My family was reunited with no tears, but shared a common frustration that knotted in all of our stomachs. The next four months would be equally hellish, spent in a cramped hotel room, with a so-called kitchen and comfortable living space that included a sink, a microwave, and three beds for the four of us. The time away from the hotel was devoted to slaving over house repairs, or simply yearning for just a breath of spring. The cold was hideous and blistering, and people matched its bitterness with their complaints. My family stayed quiet; we had our share of warmth that winter.

Terminal Data Capability

Terminal Data Capability [What is it? ] – Generally, It is a data element that stores information particularly on terminal that can be individually addressed by tag ID. Data element resident in the terminal shall be under control of one of the following parties:†¢ Terminal manufacturer: For example, IFD Serial Number†¢ Acquirer/Agent: For example, Merchant Category Code†¢ Merchant: For example, Local Date and Local Time (these may be controlled by either merchant or acquirer)Terminal should be constructed in such a way that data which is under control of acquirer is only initialised and updated by the acquirer (or its agent).[Types] 1. Application Independent[1] Data:†¢ Terminal related data†¢ Transaction related data -Unique to terminal. -Shall have parameters initialised so that it can identify what language(s) supported to process the card’s language preference.2. Application Dependent[2] Data: [Characteristic] – A terminal data shall be initialized in the terminal or obtainable at the time of a transaction. A terminal data can be of any format: alphabetic, numeric to binary. – Some terminal data serves as a constant whereas the rest is updatable. – Each terminal data has its own functionality and usage which facilitates an EMV transaction. – The dependency of the terminal data in application indicates how data management is done in terminal. – During the transaction, the terminal shall ignore any data object coming from the ICC which is terminal-sourced or issuer-sourced. [How it involved in EMV] Transaction (Exchange/Supply Data to ICC) Counter Record (updatable) ComparableReference Notes: Terminal data element, ICC data element, Issuer data element, EMV function. [Counter] [Record] Cardholder Verification Method (CVM) Results: – Being set/updated upon Cardholder Verification completion. [P102B3] – Consists of 3 bytes: CVM Performed, CVM Condition, and CVM Result. †“ There are 5 applicable CVMs in Cardholder Verification: Online PIN, Offline PIN, Signature, No CMV Required, and Combo CVM (2 CVM combination). – After a successful CVM, CVM Results reflect the successful CVM; an unsuccessful CVM, CVM Results reflect the unsuccessful CVM. Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘successful’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘No CVM required’, and terminal supports it. ii. Offline PIN verification by the ICC is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘unknown’, IFF: i. Applicable CVM is ‘Signature’, and terminal supports it. ii. Online PIN verification is successful. – Byte 3 of CVM Results is set to ‘failed’, IFF: i. Previous applicable CVM is failed, and succeeding (last) application CVM failed as well. – Byte 1 and byte 2 of CVM Results indicate method and condition of the last performed CVM throughout CMV List.In addition, byte 2 is set to ‘00’ (N o meaning) IFF byte 1 is ‘3F’ (No CVM performed). – Table 2: shows all the possible failed/unknown CVM Results. [P49P121B4] Terminal Verification Result (TVR) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Processing Restrictions, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Processing. Use in analysis: Terminal Action Analysis. Description: Status of different function as seen from terminal. Diagram: [P165B4], TVR bytes breakdown: TVR byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 |Offline Data | | | | |Authentication | | | | | |RFU | | | | |CDA failed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. [P44B4] | | | |DDA failed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Card appears on terminal exception (set at Terminal Risk |If a match on presence card (Application PAN and Application PAN | | | |Management ) |Sequence Number) is found in the exception file. | | |ICC data missing (Can be set at any function) |When an optional data object that is required because of the | | | | |existence of other data objects or that is required to support | | | | |functions that must be performed (AIP) is missing. | | | |SDA failed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was not performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | |Processing Restriction | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. [T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effective Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | |3 | | | | | |Cardholder Verification| | | | | |RFU | | | | |Online PIN entered |If online PIN is successfully entered. | | | |PIN entry required, PIN pad present, but PIN was not entered |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but bypassed by terminal in the | | | | |direction of merchant or cardholder. | | |PIN entry required and PIN pad not present or not working |If CVM is online/offline PIN, but neither of them were supported | | | | |by terminal or malfunctioned PIN pad. | | | |PIN Try Limit exceeded |If PIN Try Counter < 1. | | | |Unrecognised CVM |If CVM is not recognized by terminal. | | | |Cardholder Verification was not successful |If CVM List is exhausted without any successful case or applicable| | | | |CVM indicates ‘Fail CVM Processing’. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |4 | | | | | |Terminal Risk | | | | |Management | | | | | |RFU | | | | |R FU | | | | |Merchant forced transaction online |An attended terminal may allow an attendant to force a transaction| | | | |online, such as in a situation where the attendant is suspicious | | | | |of the cardholder. If this function is performed, it should occur | | | | |at the beginning of the transaction. | | |Transaction selected randomly for Online Processing | | | | |Upper Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ? Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Upper Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Lower Consecutive Offline Limit exceeded |If ATC ?Last Online ATC Register (Precautious) or | | | | |If (ATC – Last Online ATC Register) > Lower Consecutive Offline | | | | |Limit. [P113B3] | | | |Transaction exceeds floor limit |If (Amount, Authorize + Amount stored in log) > Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. Or if (Amount, Authorize) > appropriate Terminal Floor | | | | |Limit. P111B3] | | | |RFU | | | | | | Reserved for future use | |5 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | |Script Processing |Script Processing failed after final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |1. | | | |Script Processing failed before final GENERATE AC |If an error occurred while ICC processing Issuer Script Template | | | | |2. | |Online Processing |Issuer authentication failed |When Issuer Authentication Data (part of authorisation response | | | | |message) from Issuer sent to ICC via EXTERNAL AUTHENTICATE/ second| | | | |GENERATE AC command failed, i. e. (SW1 SW2)! = 9090. [P120B3] | | | |Default TDOL used |If TDOL in ICC not presented and Default TDOL in terminal is used | | | | |to generate TC Hash Value. | Transaction Status Information (TSI) Initialized to 0: Initiate Application Processing Function: Offline Data Authentication, Cardholder Verification, Terminal Risk Management, Card Action Analysis, Online Processing, Issuer-to-Card Script Proce ssing. TSI byte |EMV Function |Status jotted on bits |When will it be set | | | |RFU |Reserved for future use | | | | | | | | | | | |1 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |Script Processing was performed |If CDA is performed but unsuccessful. P44B4] | | | |Terminal Risk Management was performed |If DDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Issuer Authentication was performed |If | | | |Card Risk Management was performed |When an | | | |Cardholder Verification was performed |If SDA is performed but unsuccessful. | | | |Offline Data Authentication was performed |If neither SDA nor DDA nor CDA is performed. | | |RFU | | | | | |Reserved for future use | |2 | | | | | | |RFU | | | | |RFU | | | | |New Card (set at Terminal Risk Management) |If Last Online ATC Register == 0. [P113B3] | | | |Requested service not allowed for card product |If all test against Issuer Country Code and Terminal Country Code | | | | |fail. T32B4] | | | |Application not yet effective |If Transaction Date > Application Effect ive Date | | | |Expired application |If Transaction Date > Application Expiration Date | | | |ICC and terminal have different application versions |If AVN in ICC ? AVN in Terminal. | [Comparable] [Reference] Array {What is it? } In data storage, an array is a method for storing information on multiple devices. In general, an array is a number of items arranged in some specified way – for example, in a list of in a three-dimensional table.In computer programming languages, an array is a group of objects with the same attributes that can be addressed individually, using such techniques as subscripting. An array is a collection of similar elements, must have the same data type. In random access memory (RAM), an array is the arrangement of memory cells. {Characteristic} You need an index to locate their value. The index starts from 0 and end with the length – 1. Data in array must be in same data type. {What is its implementation? } List, queue, stack, link list. —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] No matter what application is selected, its data will not be affected. [2] If an application changed, its value changed as well. ———————–Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction ‘()34*[pic]hK? hAKyjhK? 0J;*[pic]U[pic]hY}_hY}_;*[pic]h;q;*[pic] h;qh;qh:[5? CJaJhm†¡Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification Data Authentication Terminal Action Analysis Terminal Risk Management Read Application Data Online/ Offline Decision Processing Restriction Initiate Application Completion Script Processing Online processing & Authorization message request Card Action Analysis Cardholder Verification